Private memorials (non standard CWGC headstones) in cemeteries in France & Belgium
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The fundamental principle underpinning the work of the newly formed Imperial War Graves Commission (IWGC) was that of equality of treatment.[1]
Earlier articles by this author have explored the very few instances where families took direct action to repatriate the body of their relative[2] and instances where personal inscriptions far exceeded the limit set by the Commission.[3] This article explores the instances where private memorials [4] had been erected over war graves.
The erection of private memorials had been banned from 30 May 1916 with Longworth commenting that:
“…many private stones had been erected prior to that date and these the Commission had no power to touch…..By December 1919 only about a hundred such cases had arisen in France and Belgium….”[5]
In some instances, it has been possible to identify private memorials from early photographs of cemeteries prior to the erection of the standard headstones. As an example, there were a number of private memorials in Le Treport Cemetery that can be clearly discerned in the photograph below. The excerpt from the IWGC meeting in 1919 indicates that the four private memorials at that time in this cemetery all pre-dated the ban being put in place.
Above: An early photograph of Le Treport Cemetery. (Photo - CWGC/9/2/2/8/22 (ADD 9/1/8) and an excerpt from an IWGC meeting held in June 1919 (CWGC2/2/1/13)
Initially, all but one were removed on the erection of the standard headstones and can be clearly seen in the photograph below. This private memorial was to Pte. H. Cameron, who served in the 5th Battalion of the Canadian Infantry.
Above: a photograph of the cemetery after erection of the standard headstones. The sole private memorial remaining at this time was later removed after a further appeal to the relatives. (Photo –CWGC/2/2/8/22(ADD 9/1/8))
Unfortunately, there does not appear to be any definitive ‘list’ of such memorials in existence in 1919, but it has been possible to build up a partial picture from CWGC e-files and other sources. This picture may well be incomplete, primarily because in many cases, the then IWGC would seek the agreement of relatives for the removal of such memorials prior to the erection of standard Commission headstones. In such cases, there maybe no surviving e-file in CWGC records or photographic evidence.[6] However, given the number of private memorials identified (whether subsequently removed or still in situ), it is also clear that many were erected after 1919.
The list of identified private memorials to date – those removed and those remaining – can be accessed here:
The ability of the IWGC to influence matters where a non standard headstone had been erected in a Communal Cemetery or Churchyard was compromised, particularly in those cases where relatives had purchased a perpetual concession to the grave site. But it is probably fair to say that in all cases where non standard headstones (private memorials) had been erected (either before the ban came into force or in the immediate postwar period), the approach employed by the IWGC was to seek the agreement of relatives to the removal of such headstones by emphasising the principles outlined in the Kenyon Report.
It is not possible to identify all such cases where this approach was successful, given that not all records were retained. One well documented case is that of Brigadier General Sir John E Gough who died on 22 February 1915 and was buried in Estaires Communal Cemetery. At the time, the ground in which he was buried was purchased by his brother, Sir Hubert Gough, and an iron cross was erected over the grave. Initially, the family were adamant that they should be able to erect a private memorial, despite the pleas of the Commission, whose concern was:
“if it was a single grave or one of two or three in a Communal Cemetery, there would be no difficulty but although it is a Communal Cemetery, it is in a part which has been allotted to the burial of British soldiers…there being several hundred graves in this part”.[7]
By the time the Commission’s headstones were being erected in this cemetery, the family had relented - the headstone erected by the Commission met the Commission’s specification on size so therefore is ‘standard’ but importantly, it met the family’s specification in terms of the inscription, which was ‘non standard’. The original iron cross was buried in the grave at that time.
Above: the original grave of Brigadier General Gough. (Photo – IWM Q 100724) and the headstone erected by the Commission in 1925. (Photo –IWM)
In the case of the private memorial for Lt. L.S. Vien, 22nd Canadian Infantry which had been erected by relatives in Quebec Cemetery after the war, the Commission paid for the memorial to be shipped back to Canada on its removal prior to the installation of the standard headstones in the cemetery.[8]
There were also opportunities presented to the Commission on the concentration of graves from Communal Cemeteries and Churchyards to established Commission cemeteries, as was the case for two private memorials in Courchamps Churchyard.
Brigadier General Neil D Findlay had been buried in the Churchyard following his death on 10 November 1914. Sometime prior to 1923, his widow arranged for a private memorial to be erected over her husband’s grave. In 1937, the Commission considered concerns about the eight war graves in this cemetery, as it was no longer used for burial and as a result, it was agreed that these graves would be concentrated to Vailly British Cemetery. It was agreed with relatives that the private memorial would not be moved at that time. A second private memorial to 2/Lt. E. V. Tindall in the cemetery had apparently been damaged by shellfire. Both graves were concentrated in 1938.[9]
Above: the private memorial erected by Brigadier General Findlay’s widow post war. (Photo –CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/279 (CCM76028))
Interestingly, the approach to the grave of Brigadier General Frank Wormald, buried in the churchyard in the village of Nedonchel, not far from Bethune, is somewhat different to that of Brigadier General Neil Findlay. There are only two war graves in Nedonchel Cemetery with Brigadier General Frank Wormald buried adjacent to Private J. G. Hardy of 7th Sherwood Foresters. In 1922, Brigadier General Wormald’s widow wished to have a private memorial erected over his grave and had ordered a memorial stone which was shipped to France, but she had not approached the IWGC about this. The Commission refused permission and the private memorial was returned to England at the Commission’s expense.[10]
Private Walter Read, serving in the 4th Queen’s Own Hussars, died on 23 September 1914 and was buried in a French family’s vault in Villequier Aumont Communal Cemetery. A stone cross had been erected on the grave by the Germans. In 1955, the grave was concentrated to Chauny Communal Cemetery British Extension and at that time the stone cross was removed.
Above: the grave of Private Walter Read in Villequier Aumont Communal Cemetery prior to its concentration in 1955. (Photo –CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/132 (CCM50064))
There is much more evidence of instances where the private memorials were not removed until some years after the war…and in some cases, not until after the Second World War. Inevitably, with the passage of time, a number of private memorials erected early in the war or early post war had deteriorated and their condition necessitated removal in later years. This was certainly the case with some memorials in both Bethune Town Cemetery and Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, many of which were likely to have been erected prior to the ban being put in place. Early photographs of these cemeteries provide evidence of there being several such memorials in these locations.
Above: Boulogne Eastern Cemetery, photographed between 1920-1927. (Photo- CWGC/9/2/2/8/22 (ADD 9/1/8) and Bethune Town Cemetery – undated photograph. (Photo – CWGC/9/1/1/2154 001)
In Boulogne, all of the private memorials that it has been possible to identify had been removed by 1964, largely due to their disrepair.
Similarly, in Bethune Town Cemetery, it seems that most of the private memorials erected were removed by the late 1950’s. One of these memorials was that erected on the grave of Captain Frederick H. Mahoney, of the 1st Cheshire Regiment who was wounded in the action at Violaines on 21 October 1914. He died on the following day in hospital in Bethune.
There is also photographic evidence of a further private memorial which was erected in Bethune Town Cemetery – in this case to Rev. John Gwynn, an Army Chaplain attached to 1/Irish Guards. The original inscription on the memorial erected read:
“R.I.P. REV. FATHER JOHN GWYNN, S.J., attached to the 1st Irish Guards He died at Béthune on October 12th, 1915, from wounds received in action near Vermelles on October 11th, 1915. Aged 44 years. This Monument has been erected by all ranks of the 1st Bat. Irish Guards in grateful Remembrance of their Beloved Chaplain, Father Gwynn, who was with them on active service for nearly 12 months from Nov. 1914 until his death, and shared with unfailing devotion all their trials and hardships”.
Above: the private memorial erected to Rev. John Gwynn. (Photo - CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/41 (CCM12952))
A smaller number of private memorials had been erected in Military cemeteries (as opposed to Communal Cemeteries or Churchyards) – these were memorials which the Commission was anxious to remove to ensure that Kenyon’s vision and the principle of equality of treatment could be evidenced.
Two private memorials erected in Chocques Military Cemetery marked the graves of casualties from an accident at Chocques airfield on 12 March 1915.[11] The memorial to Captain R. Cholmondeley was removed around 1920. The second memorial, a stone cross marking the graves of three members of 3rd Squadron, R.F.C. was not removed until some years later.
In Lijssenthoek Military Cemetery, in 1925, it was noted that there were only three private memorials [12] and attempts were made to contact the relatives. The private memorial for Sgt Major H.T. Bunnett was not replaced until 1959 - it is unclear when the others were replaced.
In Maroc British Cemetery, four private memorials were recorded by the Commission as removed in 1928, due to their dilapidated condition.[13]
In Moorseele Military Cemetery, it was noted in 1920 in the Commission’s Graves Registration Report Form that ‘a large headstone’ had been erected on the grave of Major S.L. Jones of the PPCLI, who died on 8 June 1916. A second private memorial commemorated 2/Lt Kent and Lt Craig of the Royal Flying Corps who died on 21 February 1918 – all three had been initially buried by the Germans. The relatives of these officers consented to the removal of the memorials which was carried out when these graves were regrouped within the cemetery in 1926.[14]
Above: a sketch of the private memorial erected to Major S.L. Jones by his widow. She had also bought the land on which it was situated. (Photo -CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/305 (CCM81977))
An early picture of Vlamertinghe Military Cemetery clearly shows a private memorial erected on the grave of Lt. Frederick J. Christison of the 10th Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders, killed on 4 December 1915and buried in this cemetery. The private memorial erected on his grave is now situated in New Calton Cemetery, Edinburgh. There is also photographic evidence of a further private memorial erected in this cemetery, which would also appear to have been subsequently removed.
Above: the private memorial to Lt Frederick Christison. (Photo – IWM Q 37270) and the second private memorial. (Photo –CWGC/9/2/2/3/2 (ADD 9/1/55)).
A photograph in the CWGC files of Kemmel Chateau Military Cemetery indicates a large stone cross amongst the headstones erected. This was a memorial erected to six members of 31 (Alberta) Regiment of the C.E.F., killed on 13 October 1915 in the Battalion’s first engagement with the enemy.
Above: a photograph of Kemmel Chateau Cemetery from 1925. (Photo CWGC/1/1/5/42.6 (ADD 9/1/6)) and Lt Paul G Tofft, one of those commemorated on the original memorial, whose name is now detailed on the Menin Gate. (Photo – Canadian Virtual War Memorial).
There is now a gap in this row in the cemetery.
In a number of cases, the Commission erected the standard headstone prior to the removal of any private memorial. Such an instance can be seen in the case of Pte Fred Johnson in Nice (Caucade) British Civil Cemetery. A later photograph confirms the removal of the private memorial.
Above: an early photograph of the grave of Pte. F. Johnson (Photo – CWGC) and a later photograph confirming the removal of the private memorial (Photo –inmemories.com).
A second private memorial to Captain Charles Coventry-Davies was erected in this cemetery but was replaced by a Commission headstone in 1947.
So, now we come to those private memorials that can still be found in France and Belgium. Perhaps surprisingly, these number around eighty, although only currently eight have been identified in military cemeteries created by the Commission.
Five of these private memorials can be found in Chocques Military Cemetery.
Cpl William Finley Partridge served in the 1st Casualty Clearing Station, R.A.M.C. but due to constant shelling at Bethune, the unit was forced to relocate to Chocques on 25 January 1915.A party of men, including William, later returned to Bethune for equipment but William was killed when shelling resumed in Bethune. He was buried two days later in Chocques Military Cemetery. The unit’s officers and men later erected the private memorial that still stands in the cemetery.
Major Wilfred Edward Nicol, 1st Grenadier Guards, died of wounds on 1 October 1915. His mother had arranged for the erection of a memorial stone and in 1922 she wrote to the Commission as she wished it to remain. Some years later, renovation of the memorial was carried out by the Commission (for which the family paid).[15]
The Officers, N.C.O.s and men of the 42nd Div Ammunition Column, Royal Field Artillery erected the private memorial to Driver Leonard Holt who died of wounds on 3 February 1918.
Above: the private memorials to Cpl Partridge, Major Nicol and Driver Holt (Photos – Derek Bird)
Although private memorials to three airmen who were killed at Chocques Airfield were removed as mentioned earlier, private memorials to Driver Challis and L/Cpl Baxter, also killed in the accident, stand at the side of standard Commission headstones to three members of the Royal Flying Corps who also died in the accident.
Above: the private memorials to Driver Challis and L/Cpl Baxter. (Photo – Derek Bird)
In Lapugnoy Military Cemetery, the private memorial to Lt. H.R. Johnson, 3rd Squadron, R.F.C., was erected sometime prior to 1920 – it remains in situ.
Above: the private memorial to Lt H.R. Johnson in Lapugnoy Military Cemetery. (Photo –Derek Bird) and Lt. H.R. Johnson)
In Puchevillers British Cemetery, 2/Lt. Herbert Crowle served in the 10th A.I F. A master builder pre-war, he had enlisted in December 1914. He was wounded on 20 August 1916 at Mouquet Farm and subsequently died of his wounds on 25 August 1916. In 1919, his widow, Beatrice, and his brother, William, had a memorial erected on his grave in Puchevillers British Cemetery, with a headstone and recumbent slab. The headstone remains, although the recumbent slab appears to have been removed at some point.
Above: the original private memorial in the cemetery (Photo – AWM) and a more recent photograph of the grave. (Photo –vwma.org)
In Heilly Station Cemetery, there is one private memorial – to L/Cpl John Patrick O’Neill of the 13th A.I.F. who died on 6 January 1917.
Above: the private memorial in Heilly Station Cemetery. (Photo –CWGC)
The majority of private memorials/non standard Commission headstones to be found in cemeteries in France and Belgium are in Communal Cemeteries and Churchyards, or in Extensions subsequently added to these cemeteries.
Perhaps two of the most well-known such memorials can be found in Zillebeke Churchyard, also dubbed ‘the Aristocrat’s Cemetery’.
Above: the private memorials in Zillebeke Churchyard to Lt. Steere (Photo – CWGC_ and 2/Lt. A de Gunzberg, both of whom died in November 1914. (Photo –thepresssalient.com)
A third well known private memorial is that of Captain Albert Ball VC, DSO and 2 Bars, MC, buried in Anoellin Communal Cemetery and German Extension. He died in a dogfight with German aeroplanes on 7 May 1917 and was initially buried by the Germans. In 1923, 23 British graves in the German Extension were concentrated to Cabaret Rouge British Cemetery but Albert Ball’s father requested that his son’s grave remain in place. He also paid for a private memorial to be erected over his grave.
Above: Captain Albert Ball VC. (Photo – public domain) and the private memorial marking the grave of Captain Albert Ball in Annoellin Communal Cemetery and German Extension. (Photo – David Tattersfield).
The only remaining private memorial in Bethune Town Cemetery is that for Captain S. F. M. Cesari of the 6th Field Ambulance, killed on 3 October 1915. Sydney Fraser MacAlpine Cesari was born in Inverness in December 1889. He was educated in Perth and the University of Edinburgh, graduating in medicine in 1913. He served in France from 18 August 1914.
Above: the private memorial in Bethune Town Cemetery to Captain S. Cesari. (Photo – Derek Bird) and the obituary which appeared in The Greenock Telegraph in October 1915.
An early photograph of St. Sever Communal Cemetery showing graves in Plot A indicates three private memorials, of which two remain in situ.
Above: St. Sever Cemetery, undated photo (Photo - CWGC/9/2/2/8/23 (ADD 9/1/9))
The private memorial to Pte John Edward Pinches of 6th The King’s (Liverpool) Regt who died on 20 March 1915 was later replaced. The two remaining private memorials in Plot A commemorate Gunner L Forrester, Royal Field Artillery and Pte J MacArthur, 4th Seaforth Highlanders.
Above: the private memorials to Gunner Forrester and Pte MacArthur. (Photos –ww1cemeteries.com).
The third remaining private memorial can be found in the Officers Plot A where Captain Samuel Roberts is buried. He committed suicide at Rouen on 6 December 1914.
Above: the private memorial to Captain S Roberts. (Photo -ww1-yorkshires.org.uk)
In Estaires Communal Cemetery and Extension, a private memorial is located in Plot II, Row J, situated adjacent to a standard CWGC headstone - both commemorate Captain Laurel Oldfield, Rifle Brigade, who died on 25 September 1915. His mother, Catherine Oldfield, who died in France in 1921, was, at her request, buried in the nearby civilian plot in this cemetery, with an impressive memorial overlooking that of her son.
Above: the private memorial to Captain Laurel Oldfield (Photo – Derek Bird) and his mother’s grave in the nearby civilian plot in the cemetery and the detailed inscription. (Photos - greatwarforum.org)
The most opulent private memorial is that of Captain Antoine Gaston Philippe MC, Prince of Orleans and Braganza who served in the Royal Canadian Dragoons and died on 29 November 1918. He is buried in a family vault in the Dreux Royal Chapel.[16]
Above: Captain Antoine Gaston Philippe MC. (Photo – public domain) and Captain Philippe’s tomb in Dreux Royal Chapel. (Photo –creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0>, via Wikimedia Commons)
There are further examples of war dead being buried in private vaults –in Verviers Communal Cemetery, the body of Private MarcelTroupin who served in the A.S.C. and died in England on 7 March 1917 was repatriated to his home country of Belgium and interred in his family’s vault in the cemetery. Three other British soldiers were buried in the Belgium War Tomb in this cemetery.
Above: Private Marcel Troupin. (Photo – arvia.be) and the Troupin family vault in Verviers Communal Cemetery(Photo –CWGC)
In Senas Communal Cemetery, 2/Lt Edmond Delteil’s body was repatriated to France and is buried in the family vault. Serving in the RAF, he was killed in a flying accident at Boscombe Down on 27 October 1918.
Above: the family vault in which 2/Lt Edmond Delteil is buried. (Photo –findagrave.com)
In Preseau Communal Cemetery, the bodies of two R.A.F. officers – Captain L. Campbell and Lt. E. Hodgkinson, both of whom served in 62nd Squadron and were reported missing on 9 October 1918 – were interred in a French family vault. From correspondence in the CWGC files, described as ‘a curious case’, it appears that the father of Lt. Hodgkinson ascertained the circumstances of his son’s burial. The relatives of the two men were adamant that the graves should not be disturbed although the Commission suggested their removal to a military cemetery.[17]
Above: the French family vault in which Captain Campbell and Lt. Hodgkinson are interred. (Photo – ww1cemeteries.com)
Lt. Herbert Frederick Birdwood was killed on 2 March 1916 in an encounter with the German air ace, Max Immelman. He was buried by the Germans in Somain Communal Cemetery with a German Cross erected over his grave. After the war, his family were given the option that his grave could be removed to a British cemetery – this they declined, as they were aware that French civilians had cared for the grave. An instruction was issued by the Commission not to remove the grave – however, when the other British graves in the cemetery were exhumed and removed to Auberchicourt British Cemetery in 1922, Herbert’s grave was also removed. His family were much distressed by this – and sought the return of his body to Somain. This was achieved after the Maire of Somain offered a space in the War Memorial Tomb which was erected in the cemetery for French soldiers. The body was then re-exhumed from Auberchicourt and now rests in Somain Communal Cemetery.[18]
Above: the original grave of Lt. H.F. Birdwood in Somain Communal Cemetery and the War Tomb in the cemetery. (Photos – CWGC)
In Nery Communal Cemetery, there is a private memorial to Captain the Hon. Oswald Cawley of the Shropshire Yeomanry, killed on 22 August 1914 and three officers killed on 1 September 1914 – Major John S. Cawley of the 20th Hussars, (Oswald’s brother), Captain Edward K. Bradbury VC and Lt. John D. Campbell, both of the Royal Horse Artillery.[19]
The memorial is erected over a vault purchased by Lord Cawley in 1914. In view of the date of purchase of the vault, the Commission took the view that it was private property, but that Lord Cawley would be responsible for the future maintenance of any memorial. Captain Oswald Cawley’s remains were originally interred elsewhere in an isolated grave, although his father, Lord Cawley, had earlier made attempts to have them removed to Nery but these had been refused by the Commission. In August 1919, Oswald’s grave was concentrated to Chocques Military Cemetery. Within months of this, his father again sought the removal of Oswald’s grave from Chocques to Nery so that his two sons could be buried together. The Commission agreed to this, subject to Lord Cawley paying for the costs of removal from Chocques to Nery which took place in February 1920.[20]
Above: the private memorial in Nery Communal Cemetery erected by Lord Cawley. In 1984, CWGC headstones were erected at the wall behind the memorial. (Photo –David Tattersfield)
There are numerous examples of other private memorials in Communal Cemeteries of which it is possible to mention only a few.
Private H. Cosson was serving in the 59th Battalion of the A.I.F. when he died on 1 July 1916. He is buried in Auvers sur Oisne Communal Cemetery where a private memorial marks his grave. The cause of death is unusual in that it appears that he died in a train accident whilst travelling from Marseilles to Etaples. From the enquiry carried out into his death, there were reports of soldiers on the footboards of the train. Pte Cosson, as one of the Military Policemen on board, had been instructed by an officer to stop this practice but in doing so was himself knocked from the train when it went under a bridge.[21]
Above: Private Harry Cosson (Photo - Leongatha & District Historical Society) and the private memorial (Photo - ww1cemeteries.com).
In Brancourt le Grand Communal Cemetery, the 19th Hussars purchased the perpetual concession for the grave of their Lt. Col. who died on 8 October 1918 and erected a private memorial.
Above: the private memorial in Brancourt le Grand Communal Cemetery to Lt. Col. G.D. Franks, 19th Hussars. (Photo – ww1cemeteries.com)
Another example of a private memorial in a Communal Cemetery where the next of kin purchased the concession is that of 2/Lt. Eric A. G. Coules, Royal Engineers, to be found in Roisel Communal Cemetery.
Above: the private memorial to Lt. Coules in Roisel Communal Cemetery (Photo – inmemories.com)
A particularly impressive private memorial can be found in Slypskapelle Plot of Honour, near Moorslede in Belgium where it is the sole remaining Commonwealth war grave in the cemetery. 2/Lt. D. C. Burns, 8th Black Watch, was killed on 30 September 1918. He had originally been buried in Slyp Wood but was later interred in Slyspkapelle Churchyard.
David Burns was born in Valparaiso, Chile where his father, who came from Brechin in Scotland, worked in a bank. The family later moved back to England after 1906. David, an only son, was gazetted 2/Lt. in December 1917. When the Commission wished to concentrate the war graves in the Churchyard, the family asked that David’s grave remain in the churchyard, close to the Catholic Church, and they erected the private memorial. The graves of three other British soldiers buried in the Churchyard were concentrated to Sanctuary Wood Cemetery in 1930.[22]
Above: 2/Lt David Chalmers Burns. (Photo – Passchendaele.be) and the private memorial in Slyspkapelle Plot of Honour. (Photo – CWGC)
There are a number of instances where standard CWGC headstones have been erected in addition to private memorials. An example of this can be found in Toutencourt Communal Cemetery where Driver W. Baker is buried.
Above: the grave of Driver W. Baker in Toutencourt Communal Cemetery. (Photo – Derek Bird)
A particularly striking example can be found in St. Georges Churchyard, near Hesdin, where Commission headstones have been erected in front of the two private memorials erected. A similar example is located in Lillers Communal Cemetery.
Above: the private memorials to Pte John S. Boston and 2/Lt.AlfredH.R. Rumilly in the Churchyard. (Photo – CWGC) and the private memorials erected to 2/Lt E.A. Beauchamp and Captain G.J.L. Cavendish in Lillers Communal Cemetery (Photos – Derek Bird)
Given the number of cemeteries where war dead are buried in France and Belgium, this overview of private memorials may well be incomplete. If any reader can add to the list of private memorials (whether existing or previously removed) or correct any errors in this article, please contact the author of this article via secretary@westernfrontassociation.com
Article contributed by Jill Stewart
Acknowledgements
I am grateful to Derek Bird and David Tattersfield who have provided a number of photographs used in this article. I also acknowledge Great War Forum.org, ww1-yorkshires.org.uk and ww1cemeteries.com whose websites contain many images of cemeteries in France and Belgium.
References
[1] Sir Frederic Kenyon ‘War Graves – How the cemeteries abroad will be designed’, HMSO 1918
[2] Stewart, J. ‘Clandestine Exhumations’ in Stand To! No. 128 October 2022.
[3] www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/more-than-66-characters/
[4] Private memorials are defined as those which do not accord with the Commission’s standard headstone and may have been erected by the family, comrades or regiment of the casualty. In exceptional cases, the headstones may have been erected by the Germans during the war.
[5] Longworth, P. ‘The Unending Vigil’, CWGC 1967
[6] The CWGC website indicates that only a selection of enquiry files were retained.
[7] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/77-1 (CCM25011).
[8] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/20 (CCM7253)
[9] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/279 (CCM76028)
[10] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/34 (CCM12513)
[11] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/34 (CCM12513)
[12] CWGC/8/1/4/1/1/186 (AA55585)
[13] CWGC/8/1/4/1/3/114 (CDEW31118)
[14] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/305 (CCM81977)
[15] CWGC/8/1/4/1/4/41 (HLG18923)
[16] www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/the-prince-and-the-pilot/
[17] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/57 (CCM17387)
[18] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/50 (CCM15238)
[19] CWGC/8/1/4/1/2/50 (CCM15238)
[20] www.westernfrontassociation.com/world-war-i-articles/the-affair-at-nery/
[21] https://livesofthefirstworldwar.iwm.org.uk/lifestory/7398894
[22] archives.passchendaele.be/en/soldier/1542